X Window System: Principles

A historical example of graphical user interface and applications common to the MIT X Consortium's distribution running under thetwm window manager:X Terminal, Xbiff ,xload and a graphicalmanual page browser

A modern example of a graphical user interface using X11 andKDE Plasma 5.16

The X Window System ( X11 , or simply X ) is awindowing system forbitmap displays, common onUnix-like operating systems .

X provides the basicframework for aGUI environment: drawing and movingwindows on thedisplay device and interacting with amouse andkeyboard. X does not mandate the user interface – this is handled by individual programs. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.

X originated at theProject Athena at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1984.

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Purpose and abilities [ edit ]

X is an architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities. Each person using a networkedterminal has the ability to interact with the display with any type of user input device.

In its standard distribution it is a complete, albeit simple, display and interface solution which delivers a standardtoolkit andprotocol stack for building graphical user interfaces on mostUnix-like operating systems andOpenVMS, and has beenported to many other contemporary general purposeoperating systems.

X provides the basicframework, or primitives, for building such GUI environments: drawing and movingwindows on thedisplay and interacting with a mouse, keyboard or touchscreen. X does not mandate theuser interface; individual client programs handle this. Programs may use X's graphical abilities with no user interface. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.

Unlike most earlier display protocols, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on an integral or attached display device. X featuresnetwork transparency, which means an X program running on a computer somewhere on a network (such as the Internet) can display its user interface on an X server running on some other computer on the network. The X server is typically the provider of graphics resources and keyboard/mouse events to Xclients, meaning that the X server is usually running on the computer in front of a human user, while the X client applications run anywhere on the network and communicate with the user's computer to request the rendering of graphics content and receive events from input devices including keyboards and mice.

The fact that the term "server" is applied to the software in front of the user is often surprising to users accustomed to their programs being clients to services on remote computers. Here, rather than a remote database being the resource for a local app, the user's graphic display and input devices become resources made available by the local X server to both local and remotely hosted X client programs who need to share the user's graphics and input devices to communicate with the user.

X's network protocol is based on X command primitives. This approach allows both 2D and (through extensions like GLX) 3D operations by an X client application which might be running on a different computer to still be fully accelerated on the X server's display. For example, in classic OpenGL (before version 3.0), display lists containing large numbers of objects could be constructed and stored entirely in the X server by a remote X client program, and each then rendered by sending a single glCallList(which) across the network.

X provides no native support for audio; several projects exist to fill this niche, some also providingtransparent network support.

Software architecture [ edit ]

Simple example: the X server receives input from a local keyboard and mouse and displays to a screen. Aweb browser and aterminal emulator run on the user's workstation and a terminal emulator runs on a remote computer but is controlled and monitored from the user's machine

X uses aclient–server model: an X server communicates with various client programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (windows) and sends back user input (from keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen). The server may function as:

• an application displaying to a window of another display system
• a system program controlling the video output of aPC
• a dedicated piece of hardware

This client–server terminology – the user's terminal being the server and the applications being the clients – often confuses new X users, because the terms appear reversed. But X takes the perspective of the application, rather than that of the end-user: X provides display and I/O services to applications, so it is a server; applications use these services, thus they are clients.

The communication protocol between server and client operatesnetwork-transparently: the client and server may run on the same machine or on different ones, possibly with differentarchitectures andoperating systems. A client and server can even communicatesecurely over the Internet bytunneling the connection over anencrypted network session.

An X client itself may emulate an X server by providing display services to other clients. This is known as "X nesting". Open-source clients such asXnest andXephyr support such X nesting.

To use an X client application on a remote machine, the user may do the following:

• on the local machine, open aterminal window
• usessh with the X forwarding argument to connect to the remote machine
• request local display/input service (e.g., export DISPLAY= [user's machine] :0 if not using SSH with X forwarding enabled)

The remote X client application will then make a connection to the user's local X server, providing display and input to the user.

Alternatively, the local machine may run a small program that connects to the remote machine and starts the client application.

Practical examples of remote clients include:

• administering a remote machine graphically (similar to using remote desktop, but with single windows)
• using a client application to join with large numbers of other terminal users in collaborative workgroups
• running a computationally intensive simulation on a remote machine and displaying the results on a local desktop machine
• running graphical software on several machines at once, controlled by a single display, keyboard and mouse

Principles [ edit ]

In 1984,Bob Scheifler andJim Gettys set out the early principles of X:

• Do not add new functionality unless an implementor cannot complete a real application without it.
• It is as important to decide what a system is not as to decide what it is. Do not serve all the world's needs; rather, make the systemextensible so that additional needs can be met in an upwardly compatible fashion.
• The only thing worse than generalizing from one example is generalizing from no examples at all.
• If a problem is not completely understood, it is probably best to provide no solution at all.
• If you can get 90 percent of the desired effect for 10 percent of the work, use the simpler solution. (See alsoworse is better.)
• Isolate complexity as much as possible.
• Provide mechanism rather than policy . In particular, place user interface policy in the clients' hands.

The first principle was modified during the design of X11 to: "Do not add new functionality unless you know of some real application that will require it."

X has largely kept to these principles. The sample implementation is developed with a view to extension and improvement of the implementation, while remaining compatible with the original 1987 protocol.

User interfaces [ edit ]

GNOME graphical user interface

Xfce graphical user interface

X primarily defines protocol and graphics primitives – it deliberately contains no specification for applicationuser-interface design, such asbutton,menu, or windowtitle-bar styles. Instead, application software – such aswindow managers, GUIwidget toolkits anddesktop environments, or application-specific graphical user interfaces – define and provide such details. As a result, there is no typical X interface and several different desktop environments have become popular among users.

A window manager controls the placement and appearance of application windows. This may result in desktop interfaces reminiscent of those ofMicrosoft Windows or of the AppleMacintosh (examples includeGNOME 2, KDE ,Xfce) or have radically different controls (such as a tiling window manager , likewmii orRatpoison). Some interfaces such asSugar orChrome OS eschew thedesktop metaphor altogether, simplifying their interfaces for specialized applications. Window managers range in sophistication and complexity from the bare-bones ( e.g. ,twm, the basic window manager supplied with X, or evilwm, an extremely light window-manager) to the more comprehensive desktop environments such asEnlightenment and even to application-specific window-managers for vertical markets such as point-of-sale.

Many users use X with a desktop environment, which, aside from the window manager, includes various applications using a consistent user-interface. Popular desktop environments include GNOME, KDE Software Compilation and Xfce. TheUNIX 98 standard environment is the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). Thefreedesktop.org initiative addresses interoperability between desktops and the components needed for a competitive X desktop.

Implementations [ edit ]

TheX.Org implementation is thecanonical implementation of X. Owing to liberallicensing, a number of variations, bothfree and open source andproprietary, have appeared. Commercial Unix vendors have tended to take the reference implementation and adapt it for their hardware, usually customizing it and adding proprietary extensions.

Up until 2004,XFree86 provided the most common X variant on freeUnix-like systems. XFree86 started as aport of X to386-compatible PCs and, by the end of the 1990s, had become the greatest source of technical innovation in X and the de facto standard of X development.Since 2004, however, theX.Org Server, afork of XFree86, has become predominant.

While it is common to associate X with Unix, X servers also exist natively within other graphical environments. VMS Software Inc.'sOpenVMS operating system includes a version of X with Common Desktop Environment (CDE), known asDECwindows, as its standard desktop environment.

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Microsoft Windows is not shipped with support for X, but many third-party implementations exist, as free and open source software such asCygwin/X, and proprietary products such asExceed, MKS X/Server , Reflection X ,X-Win32 andXming.

There are alsoJava implementations of X servers. WeirdX runs on any platform supportingSwing 1.1, and will run as an applet within mostbrowsers. The Android X Server is an open source Java implementation that runs onAndroid devices.

When an operating system with a native windowing system hosts X in addition, the X system can either use its own normal desktop in a separate host window or it can run rootless , meaning the X desktop is hidden and the host windowing environment manages the geometry and appearance of the hosted X windows within the host screen.

X terminals [ edit ]

Main article:X terminal

A Network Computing Device NCD-88k X terminal

An X terminal is athin client that only runs an X server. This architecture became popular for building inexpensive terminal parks for many users to simultaneously use the same large computer server to execute application programs as clients of each user's X terminal. This use is very much aligned with the original intention of the MIT project.

X terminals explore the network (the localbroadcast domain) using the X Display Manager Control Protocol to generate a list of available hosts that are allowed as clients. One of the client hosts should run anX display manager.

A limitation of X terminals and most thin clients is that they are not capable of any input or output other than the keyboard, mouse, and display. All relevant data is assumed to exist solely on the remote server, and the X terminal user has no methods available to save or load data from a localperipheral device.

Dedicated (hardware) X terminals have fallen out of use; aPC or modernthin client with an X server typically provides the same functionality at the same, or lower, cost.

Limitations and criticism [ edit ]

This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. ( July 2014 )

The Unix-Haters Handbook (1994) devoted a full chapter to the problems of X. Why X Is Not Our Ideal Window System (1990) by Gajewska, Manasse and McCormack detailed problems in the protocol with recommendations for improvement.

User interface issues [ edit ]

The lack of design guidelines in X has resulted in several vastly different interfaces, and in applications that have not always worked well together. The Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM), a specification for client interoperability, has a reputation for being difficult to implement correctly. Further standards efforts such asMotif andCDE did not alleviate problems. This has frustrated users and programmers.Graphics programmers now generally address consistency of applicationlook and feel and communication by coding to a specific desktop environment or to a specific widget toolkit, which also avoids having to deal directly with the ICCCM.

X also lacks native support for user-defined stored procedures on the X server, in the manner ofNeWS– there is noTuring-complete scripting facility. Various desktop environments may thus offer their own (usually mutually incompatible) facilities.

Computer accessibility related issues [ edit ]

Systems built upon X may haveaccessibility issues that make utilization of a computer difficult for disabled users, includingright click, double click , middle click ,mouse-over, andfocus stealing. Some X11 clients deal with accessibility issues better than others, so persons with accessibility problems are not locked out of using X11. However, there is no accessibility standard or accessibility guidelines for X11. Within the X11 standards process there is no working group on accessibility, however, accessibility needs are being addressed by software projects to provide these features on top of X.

TheOrca project adds accessibility support to the X Window System, including implementing an API (AT-SPI). This is coupled with GNOME'sATK to allow for accessibility features to be implemented in X programs using the GNOME/GTK APIs.KDE provides a different set of accessibility software, including a text-to-speech converter and a screen magnifier.The other major desktops (LXDE, Xfce and Enlightenment) attempt to be compatible with ATK.

Network [ edit ]

Example of tunnelling an X11 application over SSH

An X client cannot generally be detached from one server and reattached to another unless its code specifically provides for it (Emacs is one of the few common programs with this ability). As such, moving an entire session from one X server to another is generally not possible. However, approaches like Virtual Network Computing (VNC),NX andXpra allow a virtual session to be reached from different X servers (in a manner similar toGNU Screen in relation to terminals), and other applications and toolkits provide related facilities.Workarounds likex11vnc ( VNC :0 viewers ), Xpra's shadow mode and NX's nxagent shadow mode also exist to make the current X-server screen available. This ability allows the user interface (mouse, keyboard, monitor) of a running application to be switched from one location to another without stopping and restarting the application.

Network traffic between an X server and remote X clients is not encrypted by default. An attacker with apacket sniffer can intercept it, making it possible to view anything displayed to or sent from the user's screen. The most common way to encrypt X traffic is to establish aSecure Shell (SSH) tunnel for communication.

Like allthin clients, when using X across a network,bandwidth limitations can impede the use ofbitmap-intensive applications that require rapidly updating large portions of the screen with low latency, such as 3D animation or photo editing. Even a relatively small uncompressed 640x480x24 bit 30 fps video stream (~211 Mbit/s) can easily outstrip the bandwidth of a 100 Mbit/s network for a single client. In contrast, modern versions of X generally have extensions such asMESA allowing local display of a local program's graphics to be optimized to bypass the network model and directly control the video card, for use of full-screen video, rendered 3D applications, and other such applications.

Client–server separation [ edit ]

X's design requires the clients and server to operate separately, and device independence and the separation of client and server incur overhead. Most of the overhead comes from network round-trip delay time between client and server (latency) rather than from the protocol itself: the best solutions to performance issues depend on efficient application design.A common criticism of X is that its network features result in excessive complexity and decreased performance if only used locally.

Modern X implementations useUnix domain sockets for efficient connections on the same host. Additionallyshared memory (via theMIT-SHM extension) can be employed for faster client–server communication.However, the programmer must still explicitly activate and use the shared memory extension. It is also necessary to provide fallback paths in order to stay compatible with older implementations, and in order to communicate with non-local X servers.

Competitors [ edit ]

Some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacements for X. Historical alternatives includeSun'sNeWS andNeXT'sDisplay PostScript, bothPostScript-based systems supporting user-definable display-side procedures, which X lacked. Current alternatives include:

• macOS (and its mobile counterpart,iOS) implements its windows system, which is known asQuartz. WhenApple Inc. bought NeXT, and usedNeXTSTEP to constructMac OS X, it replaced Display PostScript withQuartz.Mike Paquette, one of the authors of Quartz, explained that if Apple had added support for all the features it wanted to include into X11, it would not bear much resemblance to X11 nor be compatible with other servers anyway.
• Android, which runs on theLinux kernel, uses its own system for drawing the user interface known asSurfaceFlinger. 3D rendering is handled byEGL.
• Wayland is being developed by several X.Org developers as a prospective replacement for X. It works directly with theGPU hardware, viaDRI. Wayland can run an X.org server as a client, which can be rootless.A proprietary port of the Wayland backend to theRaspberry Pi was completed in 2013.The project reached version 1.0 in 2012. Like Android, Wayland is EGL-based.
• Mir is a project fromCanonical Ltd. with goals similar to Wayland.Mir is intended to work with mobile devices using ARM chipsets (a stated goal is compatibility with Android device-drivers) as well as x86 desktops. Like Android, Mir/UnityNext are EGL-based. Backwards compatibility with X client-applications is accomplished via Xmir.
• Other alternatives attempt to avoid the overhead of X by working directly with the hardware; such projects includeDirectFB.(The Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI), which aims to provide a reliable kernel-level interface to theframebuffer, might

  [ citation needed ]

  make these efforts redundant.)

Additional ways to achieve a functional form of the "network transparency" feature of X, via network transmissibility of graphical services, include:

• Virtual Network Computing (VNC), a very low-level system which sends compressed bitmaps across the network; the Unix implementation includes an X server
• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), which is similar to VNC in purpose, but originated on Microsoft Windows before being ported to Unix-like systems; cfNX,GotoMyPc, etc.
• Citrix XenApp, an X-like protocol and application stack for Microsoft Windows
• Tarantella, which provides a Java-based remote-gui-client for use in web browsers

History [ edit ]

Predecessors [ edit ]

Several bitmap display systems preceded X. FromXerox came theAlto (1973) and theStar (1981). FromApollo Computer came Display Manager (1981). FromApple came theLisa (1983) and theMacintosh (1984). TheUnix world had theAndrew Project (1982) andRob Pike'sBlit terminal (1982).

Carnegie Mellon University produced a remote-access application called Alto Terminal, that displayed overlapping windows on the Xerox Alto, and made remote hosts (typically DEC VAX systems running Unix) responsible for handling window-exposure events and refreshing window contents as necessary.

X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system calledW (the letter preceding X in theEnglish alphabet). W ran under theV operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists.

Origin and early development [ edit ]

From: rws@mit-bold (Robert W. Scheifler)
To: window@athena
Subject: window system X
Date: 19 Jun 1984 0907-EDT (Tuesday)

I've spent the last couple weeks writing a window
system for the VS100. I stole a fair amount of code
from W, surrounded it with an asynchronous rather
than a synchronous interface, and called it X. Overall
performance appears to be about twice that of W. The
code seems fairly solid at this point, although there are
still some deficiencies to be fixed up.

We at LCS have stopped using W, and are now
actively building applications on X. Anyone else using
W should seriously consider switching. This is not the
ultimate window system, but I believe it is a good
starting point for experimentation. Right at the moment
there is a CLU (and an Argus) interface to X; a C
interface is in the works. The three existing
applications are a text editor (TED), an Argus I/O
interface, and a primitive window manager. There is
no documentation yet; anyone crazy enough to
volunteer? I may get around to it eventually.

Anyone interested in seeing a demo can drop by
NE43-531, although you may want to call 3-1945
first. Anyone who wants the code can come by with a
tape. Anyone interested in hacking deficiencies, feel
free to get in touch.

The original idea of X emerged at MIT in 1984 as a collaboration betweenJim Gettys (ofProject Athena) andBob Scheifler (of the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science ). Scheifler needed a usable display environment for debugging the Argus system.Project Athena (a joint project betweenDEC, MIT andIBM to provide easy access to computing resources for all students) needed a platform-independent graphics system to link together its heterogeneous multiple-vendor systems; the window system then under development in Carnegie Mellon University 'sAndrew Project did not make licenses available, and no alternatives existed.

The project solved this by creating a protocol that could both run local applications and call on remote resources. In mid-1983 an initial port of W to Unix ran at one-fifth of its speed under V; in May 1984, Scheifler replaced thesynchronous protocol of W with an asynchronous protocol and the display lists with immediate mode graphics to make X version 1. X became the first windowing system environment to offer true hardware independence and vendor independence.

Scheifler, Gettys and Ron Newman set to work and X progressed rapidly. They released Version 6 in January 1985. DEC, then preparing to release its firstUltrix workstation, judged X the only windowing system likely to become available in time. DEC engineers ported X6 to DEC's QVSS display onMicroVAX.

In the second quarter of 1985, X acquiredcolor support to function in the DECVAXstation-II/GPX, forming what became version 9.

A group atBrown University ported version 9 to theIBM RT PC, but problems with reading unaligned data on the RT forced an incompatible protocol change, leading to version 10 in late 1985. By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986. Although MIT had licensed X6 to some outside groups for a fee, it decided at this time to license X10R3 and future versions under what became known as theMIT License, intending to popularize X further and, in return, hoping that many more applications would become available. X10R3 became the first version to achieve wide deployment, with both DEC andHewlett-Packard releasing products based on it. Other groups ported X10 toApollo and toSun workstations and even to the IBMPC/AT. Demonstrations of the first commercial application for X (a mechanical computer-aided engineering system from Cognition Inc. that ran on VAXes and remotely displayed on PCs running an X server ported by Jim Fulton and Jan Hardenbergh) took place at the Autofact trade show at that time. The last version of X10, X10R4, appeared in December 1986. Attempts were made to enable X servers as real-time collaboration devices, much as Virtual Network Computing (VNC) would later allow a desktop to be shared. One such early effort was Philip J. Gust'sSharedX tool.

Although X10 offered interesting and powerful functionality, it had become obvious that the X protocol could use a more hardware-neutral redesign before it became too widely deployed, but MIT alone would not have the resources available for such a complete redesign. As it happened, DEC's Western Software Laboratory found itself between projects with an experienced team.Smokey Wallace of DEC WSL and Jim Gettys proposed that DEC WSL build X11 and make it freely available under the same terms as X9 and X10. This process started in May 1986, with the protocol finalized in August. Alpha testing of the software started in February 1987, beta-testing in May; the release of X11 finally occurred on 15 September 1987.

The X11 protocol design, led by Scheifler, was extensively discussed on open mailing lists on the nascent Internet that were bridged to USENET newsgroups. Gettys moved to California to help lead the X11 development work at WSL from DEC's Systems Research Center, where Phil Karlton and Susan Angebrandt led the X11 sample server design and implementation. X therefore represents one of the first very large-scale distributed free and open source software projects.

The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium, Inc. [ edit ]

By the late 1980s X was,Simson Garfinkel wrote in 1989, "Athena's most important single achievement to date". DEC reportedly believed that its development alone had made the company's donation to MIT worthwhile. Gettys joined the design team for theVAXstation 2000 to ensure that X—which DEC calledDECwindows—would run on it, and the company assigned 1,200 employees to port X to both Ultrix and VMS.In 1987, with the success of X11 becoming apparent, MIT wished to relinquish the stewardship of X, but at a June 1987 meeting with nine vendors, the vendors told MIT that they believed in the need for a neutral party to keep X from fragmenting in the marketplace. In January 1988, the MIT X Consortium formed as a non-profit vendor group, with Scheifler as director, to direct the future development of X in a neutral atmosphere inclusive of commercial and educational interests.

Jim Fulton joined in January 1988 andKeith Packard in March 1988 as seniordevelopers, with Jim focusing onXlib,fonts, window managers, and utilities; and Keith re-implementing the server. Donna Converse,Chris D. Peterson, and Stephen Gildea joined later that year, focusing on toolkits and widget sets, working closely with Ralph Swick of MIT Project Athena. The MIT X Consortium produced several significant revisions to X11, the first (Release 2 – X11R2) in February 1988. Jay Hersh joined the staff in January 1991 to work on thePEX and X113D functionality. He was followed soon after by Ralph Mor (who also worked on PEX) and Dave Sternlicht. In 1993, as the MIT X Consortium prepared to depart from MIT, the staff were joined by R. Gary Cutbill, Kaleb Keithley, and David Wiggins.

DECwindows CDE onOpenVMS 7.3-1

In 1993, the X Consortium, Inc. (a non-profit corporation) formed as the successor to the MIT X Consortium. It released X11R6 on 16 May 1994. In 1995 it took on the development of theMotif toolkit and of the Common Desktop Environment for Unix systems. The X Consortium dissolved at the end of 1996, producing a final revision, X11R6.3, and a legacy of increasing commercial influence in the development.

The Open Group [ edit ]

In January 1997, the X Consortium passed stewardship of X toThe Open Group, a vendor group formed in early 1996 by the merger of the Open Software Foundation andX/Open.

The Open Group released X11R6.4 in early 1998. Controversially, X11R6.4 departed from the traditional liberal licensing terms, as the Open Group sought to assure funding for the development of X, and specifically citedXFree86 as not significantly contributing to X.The new terms would have made X no longerfree software: zero-cost for noncommercial use, but a fee otherwise. After XFree86 seemed poised tofork,the Open Grouprelicensed X11R6.4 under the traditional license in September 1998.The Open Group's last release came as X11R6.4 patch 3.

X.Org and XFree86 [ edit ]

XFree86 originated in 1992 from theX386 server forIBM PC compatibles included with X11R5 in 1991, written by Thomas Roell and Mark W. Snitily and donated to the MIT X Consortium by Snitily Graphics Consulting Services (SGCS). XFree86 evolved over time from just one port of X to the leading and most popular implementation and the de facto standard of X's development.

In May 1999, The Open Group formed X.Org. X.Org supervised the release of versions X11R6.5.1 onward. X development at this time had become moribund;most technical innovation since the X Consortium had dissolved had taken place in the XFree86 project.In 1999, the XFree86 team joined X.Org as an honorary (non-paying) member,encouraged by various hardware companiesinterested in using XFree86 with Linux and in its status as the most popular version of X.

By 2003, while the popularity of Linux (and hence the installed base of X) surged, X.Org remained inactive,and active development took place largely within XFree86. However, considerable dissent developed within XFree86. The XFree86 project suffered from a perception of a far toocathedral-like development model; developers could not getCVS commit accessand vendors had to maintain extensivepatch sets.In March 2003, the XFree86 organization expelled Keith Packard, who had joined XFree86 after the end of the original MIT X Consortium, with considerable ill feeling.

X.Org and XFree86 began discussing a reorganisation suited to properly nurturing the development of X.Jim Gettys had been pushing strongly for an open development model since at least 2000.Gettys, Packard and several others began discussing in detail the requirements for the effective governance of X with open development.

Finally, in an echo of the X11R6.4 licensing dispute, XFree86 released version 4.4 in February 2004 under a more restrictive license which many projects relying on X found unacceptable.The added clause to the license was based on the originalBSD license's advertising clause, which was viewed by the Free Software Foundation andDebian as incompatible with the GNU General Public License .Other groups saw it as against the spirit of the original X.Theo de Raadt ofOpenBSD, for instance, threatened tofork XFree86 citing license concerns.The license issue, combined with the difficulties in getting changes in, left many feeling the time was ripe for a fork.

The X.Org Foundation [ edit ]

In early 2004, various people from X.Org and freedesktop.org formed theX.Org Foundation, and the Open Group gave it control of the x.org domain name. This marked a radical change in the governance of X. Whereas the stewards of X since 1988 (including the prior X.Org) had been vendor organizations, the Foundation was led by software developers and used community development based on thebazaar model,

[ citation needed ]

The Foundation takes an oversight role over X development: technical decisions are made on their merits by achieving rough consensus among community members. Technical decisions are not made by the board of directors; in this sense, it is strongly modelled on the technically non-interventionistGNOME Foundation. The Foundation employs no developers. The Foundation released X11R6.7, theX.Org Server, in April 2004, based on XFree86 4.4RC2 with X11R6.6 changes merged. Gettys and Packard had taken the last version of XFree86 under the old license and, by making a point of an open development model and retaining GPL compatibility, brought many of the old XFree86 developers on board.

While X11 had received extensions such as OpenGL support during the 1990s, its architecture had remained fundamentally unchanged during the decade. In the early part of the 2000s, however, it was overhauled to resolve a number of problems that had surfaced over the years, including a "flawed"font architecture, a 2-d graphics system "which had always been intended to be augmented and/or replaced", andlatency issues.X11R6.8 came out in September 2004. It added significant new features, including preliminary support for translucent windows and other sophisticated visual effects, screen magnifiers and thumbnailers, and facilities to integrate with 3D immersive display systems such as Sun's Project Looking Glass and theCroquet project. External applications called compositing window managers provide policy for the visual appearance.

On 21 December 2005,X.Org released X11R6.9, the monolithicsource tree for legacy users, and X11R7.0, the same source code separated into independent modules, each maintainable in separate projects.The Foundation released X11R7.1 on 22 May 2006, about four months after 7.0, with considerable feature improvements.

XFree86 development continued for a few more years, 4.8.0 being released on 15 December 2008.

Nomenclature [ edit ]

The proper names for the system are listed in the manual page as X; X Window System; X Version 11; X Window System, Version 11; or X11.

The term "X-Windows" (in the manner of the subsequently released "Microsoft Windows") is not officially endorsed – with X Consortium release manager Matt Landau stating in 1993, "There is no such thing as 'X Windows' or 'X Window', despite the repeated misuse of the forms by the trade rags"– though it has been in common informal use since early in the history of Xand has been used deliberately for provocative effect, for example in the Unix-Haters Handbook .

Key terms [ edit ]

The X Window System has nuanced usage of a number of terms when compared to common usage, particularly "display" and "screen", a subset of which is given here for convenience:

device

A graphics device such as a computer graphics card or a computer motherboard's integrated graphics chipset.

monitor

A physical device such as aCRT or a flat screen computer display.

screen

An area into which graphics may be rendered, either through software alone into system memory as withVNC, or within a graphics device, some of which can render into more than one screen simultaneously, either viewable simultaneously or interchangeably. Interchangeable screens are often set up to be notionally left and right from one another, flipping from one to the next as the mouse pointer reaches the edge of the monitor.

virtual screen

Two different meanings are associated with this term:

• A technique allowing panning a monitor around a screen running at a larger resolution than the monitor is currently displaying.
• An effect simulated by a window manager by maintaining window position information in a larger coordinate system than the screen and allowing panning by simply moving the windows in response to the user.

display

A collection of screens, often involving multiple monitors, generally configured to allow the mouse to move the pointer to any position within them.Linux-based workstations are usually capable of having multiple displays, among which the user can switch with a special keyboard combination such as control-alt- function-key , simultaneously flipping all the monitors from showing the screens of one display to the screens in another.

The term "display" should not be confused with the more specialized jargon "Zaphod display". The latter is a rare configuration allowing multiple users of a single computer to each have an independent set of display, mouse, and keyboard, as though they were using separate computers, but at a lower per-seat cost.

Release history [ edit ]

On the prospect of future versions, the X.org website states:

X.Org continues to develop and release the X Window System software components. 
These are released individually as each component is ready, without waiting for a overall X Window System “katamari” release schedule - see the individual X.Org releases directory for downloads, and the xorg-announce archives or git repositories for details on included changes. 
 No release plan for a X11R7.8 rollup katamari release has been proposed.

See also [ edit ]